.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd May 18, 2024
.Dt NEWFS 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm newfs
.Nd construct a new UFS1/UFS2 file system
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl EJNUjlnt
.Op Fl L Ar volname
.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-type
.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
.Op Fl T Ar disktype
.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
.Op Fl b Ar block-size
.Op Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
.Op Fl d Ar max-extent-size
.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
.Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir
.Op Fl i Ar bytes
.Op Fl k Ar held-for-metadata-blocks
.Op Fl m Ar free-space
.Op Fl o Ar optimization
.Op Fl p Ar partition
.Op Fl r Ar reserved
.Op Fl s Ar size
.Ar special
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
The
.Nm
utility builds a file system on the specified special file.
(We often refer to the
.Dq special file
as the
.Dq disk ,
although the special file need not be a physical disk.
In fact, it need not even be special.)
Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
.Nm
has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
.Pp
The following options define the general layout policies:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl E
Erase the content of the disk before making the filesystem.
The reserved area in front of the superblock (for bootcode) will not be erased.
Erasing is only relevant to flash-memory or thinly provisioned devices.
Erasing may take a long time.
If the device does not support BIO_DELETE, the command will fail.
.It Fl J
Enable journaling on the new file system via gjournal.
See
.Xr gjournal 8
for details.
.It Fl L Ar volname
Add a volume label to the new file system.
Legal characters are alphanumerics, dashes, and underscores.
.It Fl N
Cause the file system parameters to be printed out
without really creating the file system.
.It Fl O Ar filesystem-type
Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format file system be built;
use 2 to specify that a UFS2 format file system be built.
The default format is UFS2.
.It Fl T Ar disktype
For backward compatibility.
.It Fl U
Enable soft updates on the new file system.
Soft updates are enabled by default for UFS2 format file systems.
Use
.Xr tunefs 8
to disable soft updates if they are not wanted.
.It Fl a Ar maxcontig
Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
laid out before forcing a rotational delay.
The default value is 16.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl b Ar block-size
The block size of the file system, in bytes.
It must be a power of 2.
.\" If changing the default block size and it causes the default
.\" fragment size to change, be sure to update the location of
.\" the first backup superblock on the fsck_ffs.8 manual page.
The
default size is 32768 bytes, and the smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1.
Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended,
and may produce poor results.
.It Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
The number of blocks per cylinder group in a file system.
The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters.
This value is
dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size
and the number of bytes per inode.
.It Fl d Ar max-extent-size
The file system may choose to store large files using extents.
This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be used.
The default value is the file system blocksize.
It is presently limited to a maximum value of 16 times the
file system blocksize and a minimum value of the file system blocksize.
.It Fl e Ar maxbpg
Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can
allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl f Ar frag-size
The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
It must be a power of two
ranging in value between
.Ar blocksize Ns /8
and
.Ar blocksize .
.\" If changing the default fragment size or it changes because of a
.\" change to the default block size, be sure to update the location
.\" of the first backup superblock on the fsck_ffs.8 manual page.
The default is 4096 bytes.
.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
The expected average file size for the file system.
.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir
The expected average number of files per directory on the file system.
.It Fl i Ar bytes
Specify the density of inodes in the file system.
The default is to create an inode for every
.Pq 2 * Ar frag-size
bytes of data space.
If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively
specifies the average file size on the file system.
.It Fl j
Enable soft updates journaling on the new file system.
This flag is implemented by running the
.Xr tunefs 8
utility found in the user's
.Dv $PATH .
.Pp
Enabling journaling reduces the time spent by
.Xr fsck_ffs 8
cleaning up a filesystem after a crash to a few seconds from minutes to hours.
Without journaling, the time to recover after a crash is a function
of the number of files in the filesystem and the size of the filesystem.
With journaling, the time to recover after a crash is a function of the
amount of activity in the filesystem in the minute before the crash.
Journaled recovery time is usually only a few seconds and never
exceeds a minute.
.Pp
The drawback to using journaling is that the writes to its log adds
an extra write load to the media containing the filesystem.
Thus a write-intensive workload will have reduced throughput on a
filesystem running with journaling.
.Pp
Like all journaling filesystems, the journal recovery will only fix
issues known to the journal.
Specifically if a media error occurs,
the journal will not know about it and hence will not fix it.
Thus when using journaling, it is still necessary to run a full fsck
every few months or after a filesystem panic to check for and fix
any errors brought on by media failure.
A full fsck can be done by running a background fsck on a live
filesystem or by running with the
.Fl f
flag on an unmounted filesystem.
When running
.Xr fsck_ffs 8
in background on a live filesystem the filesystem performance
will be about half of normal during the time that the background
.Xr fsck_ffs 8
is running.
Running a full fsck on a UFS filesystem is the equivalent of
running a scrub on a ZFS filesystem.
.It Fl k Ar held-for-metadata-blocks
Set the amount of space to be held for metadata blocks in each cylinder group.
When set, the file system preference routines will try to save
the specified amount of space immediately following the inode blocks
in each cylinder group for use by metadata blocks.
Clustering the metadata blocks speeds up random file access
and decreases the running time of
.Xr fsck 8 .
By default
.Nm
sets it to half of the space reserved to minfree.
.It Fl l
Enable multilabel MAC on the new file system.
.It Fl m Ar free-space
The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
space threshold.
The default value used is
defined by
.Dv MINFREE
from
.In ufs/ffs/fs.h ,
currently 8%.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl n
Do not create a
.Pa .snap
directory on the new file system.
The resulting file system will not support snapshot generation, so
.Xr dump 8
in live mode and background
.Xr fsck 8
will not function properly.
The traditional
.Xr fsck 8
and offline
.Xr dump 8
will work on the file system.
This option is intended primarily for memory or vnode-backed file systems that
do not require
.Xr dump 8
or
.Xr fsck 8
support.
.It Fl o Ar optimization
.Cm ( space
or
.Cm time ) .
The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%,
the default is to optimize for
.Cm space ;
if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%,
the default is to optimize for
.Cm time .
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl p Ar partition
The partition name (a..h) you want to use in case the underlying image
is a file, so you do not have access to individual partitions through the
filesystem.
Can also be used with a device, e.g.,
.Nm
.Fl p Ar f
.Ar /dev/da1s3
is equivalent to
.Nm
.Ar /dev/da1s3f .
.It Fl r Ar reserved
The size, in sectors, of reserved space
at the end of the partition specified in
.Ar special .
This space will not be occupied by the file system;
it can be used by other consumers such as
.Xr geom 4 .
Defaults to 0.
.It Fl s Ar size
The size of the file system in sectors.
This value defaults to the size of the
raw partition specified in
.Ar special
less the
.Ar reserved
space at its end (see
.Fl r ) .
A
.Ar size
of 0 can also be used to choose the default value.
A valid
.Ar size
value cannot be larger than the default one,
which means that the file system cannot extend into the reserved space.
.It Fl t
Turn on the TRIM enable flag.
If enabled, and if the underlying device supports the BIO_DELETE
command, the file system will send a delete request to the underlying
device for each freed block.
The trim enable flag is typically set for flash-memory devices to
reduce write amplification which reduces wear on write-limited
flash-memory and often improves long-term performance.
Thinly provisioned storage also benefits by returning unused blocks to
the global pool.
.El
.Pp
The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
Their default values are taken from the disk label.
Changing these defaults is useful only when using
.Nm
to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
(for example on a write-once disk).
Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
it impossible for
.Xr fsck 8
to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl S Ar sector-size
The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
.El
.Sh NOTES ON THE NAMING
.Dq newfs
is a common name prefix for utilities creating filesystems, with the suffix
indicating the type of the filesystem, for instance
.Xr newfs_msdos 8 .
The
.Nm
utility is a special case which predates that convention.
.Sh EXAMPLES
.Dl newfs /dev/ada3s1a
.Pp
Creates a new ufs file system on
.Pa ada3s1a .
The
.Nm
utility will use a block size of 32768 bytes, a fragment size of 4096 bytes
and the largest possible number of blocks per cylinders group.
These values tend to produce better performance for most applications
than the historical defaults
(8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size).
This large fragment size may lead to much wasted space
on file systems that contain many small files.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr fdformat 1 ,
.Xr geom 4 ,
.Xr disktab 5 ,
.Xr fs 5 ,
.Xr camcontrol 8 ,
.Xr dump 8 ,
.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
.Xr fsck 8 ,
.Xr gjournal 8 ,
.Xr gpart 8 ,
.Xr growfs 8 ,
.Xr gvinum 8 ,
.Xr makefs 8 ,
.Xr mount 8 ,
.Xr newfs_msdos 8 ,
.Xr tunefs 8
.Rs
.%A M. McKusick
.%A W. Joy
.%A S. Leffler
.%A R. Fabry
.%T A Fast File System for UNIX
.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
.%V 3
.%P pp 181-197
.%D August 1984
.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
.Re
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
utility appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .