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.\"     @(#)newfs.8	8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
.\"	$Id: newfs.8,v 1.18 1998/09/29 23:20:04 grog Exp $
.\"
.Dd May 3, 1995
.Dt NEWFS 8
.Os BSD 4.2
.Sh NAME
.Nm newfs ,
.Nm mount_mfs
.Nd construct a new file system
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm newfs
.Op Fl NO
.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
.Op Fl T Ar disktype
.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
.Op Fl b Ar block-size
.Op Fl c Ar cylinders
.Op Fl d Ar rotdelay
.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
.Op Fl i Ar bytes
.Op Fl k Ar skew
.Op Fl l Ar interleave
.Op Fl m Ar free space
.Op Fl n Ar rotational positions
.Op Fl o Ar optimization
.Op Fl p Ar sectors
.Op Fl r Ar revolutions
.Op Fl s Ar size
.Op Fl t Ar tracks
.Op Fl u Ar sectors
.Op Fl v
.Op Fl x Ar sectors
.Ar special
.Nm mount_mfs
.Op Fl N
.Op Fl F Ar file
.Op Fl T Ar disktype
.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
.Op Fl b Ar block-size
.Op Fl c Ar cylinders
.Op Fl d Ar rotdelay
.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
.Op Fl i Ar bytes
.Op Fl m Ar free space
.Op Fl n Ar rotational positions
.Op Fl o Ar options
.Op Fl s Ar size
.Ar special node
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm Newfs
replaces the more obtuse
.Xr mkfs 8
program.
Before running 
.Nm
or
.Nm mount_mfs ,
the disk must be labeled using 
.Xr disklabel 8 .
.Nm Newfs
builds a file system on the specified special file.  (We often refer to the
.Dq special file
as the
.Dq disk ,
although the special file need not be a physical disk.  In fact, it need not
even be special.)
Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
.Nm
has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
.Pp
.Nm Mount_mfs
is used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount it
on a specified node.
.Nm Mount_mfs
exits and the contents of the file system are lost
when the file system is unmounted.
If
.Nm mount_mfs
is sent a signal while running,
for example during system shutdown,
it will attempt to unmount its
corresponding file system.
The parameters to
.Nm mount_mfs
are the same as those to
.Nm Ns .
If the
.Fl T
flag is specified (see below), the special file is unused.
Otherwise, it is only used to read the disk label which provides
a set of configuration parameters for the memory based file system.
The special file is typically that of the primary swap area,
since that is where the file system will be backed up when
free memory gets low and the memory supporting
the file system has to be paged.
.Pp
The following options define the general layout policies:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl T Ar disktype
For backward compatibility and for
.Nm mount_mfs .
.It Fl F Ar file
.Nm Mount_mfs
will use this file for the image of the filesystem.  When
.Nm mount_mfs
exits, this file will be left behind.
.It Fl N
Cause the file system parameters to be printed out
without really creating the file system.
.It Fl O
Create a
.Bx 4.3
format filesystem.
This options is primarily used to build root filesystems
that can be understood by older boot ROMs.
.It Fl T
Use information for the specified disk from
.Pa /etc/disktab
instead of trying to get the information from a disklabel.
.It Fl a Ar maxcontig
Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see the
.Fl d
option).
The default value is 1.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl b Ar block-size
The block size of the file system, in bytes.  
.It Fl c Ar #cylinders/group
The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system.
The default value is 16.
.It Fl d Ar rotdelay
Specify the expected time (in milliseconds) to service a transfer
completion interrupt and initiate a new transfer on the same disk.
The default is 0 milliseconds.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.ne 1i
.It Fl e Ar maxbpg
Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can
allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl f Ar frag-size
The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
The default is 1024 bytes.
.It Fl i Ar number of bytes per inode
Specify the density of inodes in the file system.
The default is to create an inode for every (4 * frag-size) bytes of data space.
If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
.It Fl m Ar free space \&%
The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
space threshold.
The default value used is 
defined by 
.Dv MINFREE
from
.Ao Pa ufs/ffs/fs.h Ac ,
currently 8%.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl n Ar number of distinguished rotational positions
Determine how many rotational time slots there are in one revolution of
the disk. Defaults to 1, which essentially disables the rotational position
table.
.It Fl o Ar optimization\ preference
.Pq ``space'' or ``time''
The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%,
the default is to optimize for space;
if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%,
the default is to optimize for time.
See
.Xr tunefs 8
for more details on how to set this option.
.It Fl s Ar size
The size of the file system in sectors.
.It Fl v
Specify that the special device does not contain any partitions, and that
.Nm
should treat the whole slice as the file system.  This option is useful for
synthetic disks such as
.Nm vinum.
.El
.Pp
The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry. 
Their default values are taken from the disk label.
Changing these defaults is useful only when using
.Nm
to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
(for example on a write-once disk).
Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
it impossible for 
.Xr fsck 8
to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl S Ar sector-size
The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
.It Fl k Ar sector \&0 skew , per track
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for
a slow controller.
Track skew is the offset of sector 0 on track N relative to sector 0
on track N-1 on the same cylinder.
.It Fl l Ar hardware sector interleave
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for
a slow controller.
Interleave is physical sector interleave on each track,
specified as the denominator of the ratio:
.Dl sectors read/sectors passed over
Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while 1/2 implies
logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical sector 1.
.It Fl p Ar spare sectors per track
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy
space at the end of each track.
They are not counted as part of the sectors/track
.Pq Fl u
since they are not available to the file system for data allocation.
.It Fl r Ar revolutions/minute
The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.
.ne 1i
.It Fl t Ar #tracks/cylinder
The number of tracks/cylinder available for data allocation by the file
system.
The default is 1.
If zero is specified, the value from the disklabel will be used.
.It Fl u Ar sectors/track
The number of sectors per track available for data allocation by the file
system.
The default is 4096.
If zero is specified, the value from the disklabel will be used.
This does not include sectors reserved at the end of each track for bad
block replacement (see the
.Fl p
option).
.It Fl x Ar spare sectors per cylinder
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy
space at the end of the last track in the cylinder.
They are deducted from the sectors/track
.Pq Fl u
of the last track of each cylinder since they are not available to the file
system for data allocation.
.El
.Pp
The options to the
.Nm mount_mfs
command are as described for the
.Nm
command, except for the
.Fl o
option.
.Pp
That option is as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl o
Options are specified with a
.Fl o
flag followed by a comma separated string of options.
See the
.Xr mount 8
man page for possible options and their meanings.
.El
.Sh EXAMPLES
.Pp
.Dl mount_mfs -s 131072 -o nosuid,nodev /dev/da0s1b /tmp
.Pp
Mount a 64 MB large memory file system on /tmp, with
.Xr mount 8
options nosuid and nodev.
.Sh BUGS
The boot code of
.Bx Free
assumes that the file system that carries the
kernel has blocks of 8 kilobytes and fragments of 1 kilobyte. You will
not be able to boot from a file system that uses another size.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr fdformat 1 ,
.Xr disktab 5 ,
.Xr fs 5 ,
.Xr disklabel 8 ,
.Xr diskpart 8 ,
.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
.Xr fsck 8 ,
.Xr mount 8 ,
.Xr scsiformat 8 ,
.Xr tunefs 8 ,
.Xr vinum 8
.Rs
.%A M. McKusick
.%A W. Joy
.%A S. Leffler
.%A R. Fabry
.%T A Fast File System for UNIX ,
.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
.%V 3
.%P pp 181-197
.%D August 1984
.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
.Re
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
command appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .