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1130b656e5
This will make a number of things easier in the future, as well as (finally!) avoiding the Id-smashing problem which has plagued developers for so long. Boy, I'm glad we're not using sup anymore. This update would have been insane otherwise.
360 lines
12 KiB
Groff
360 lines
12 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1995
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.\" Bill Paul <wpaul@ctr.columbia.edu>. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the author nor the names of any co-contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Bill Paul AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Bill Paul OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd February 4, 1995
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.Dt YPSERV 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ypserv
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.Nd "NIS database server"
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm ypserv
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.Op Fl n
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.Op Fl d
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.Op Fl p Ar path
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm NIS
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is an RPC-based service designed to allow a number of UNIX-based
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machines to share a common set of configuration files. Rather than
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requiring a system administrator to update several copies of files
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such as
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.Pa /etc/hosts ,
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.Pa /etc/passwd
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and
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.Pa /etc/group ,
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which tend to require frequent changes in most environments, NIS
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allows groups of computers to share one set of data which can be
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updated from a single location.
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.Pp
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.Nm ypserv
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is the server that distributes NIS databases
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to client systems within an NIS
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.Nm domain.
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Each client in an NIS domain must have its domainname set to
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one of the domains served by
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.Nm ypserv
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using the
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.Xr domainname 1
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command. The clients must also run
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.Xr ypbind 8
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in order to attach to a particular server, since it is possible to
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have serveral servers within a single NIS domain.
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.Pp
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The databases distributed by
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.Nm ypserv
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are stored in
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.Pa /var/yp/[domainname]
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where
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.Pa domainname
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is the name of the domain being served. There can be several
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such directories with different domainnames, and you need only one
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.Nm ypserv
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daemon to handle them all.
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.Pp
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The databases, or
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.Pa maps
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as they are often called,
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are created by
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.Nm /var/yp/Makefile
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using several system files as source. The database files are in
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.Xr db 3
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format to help speed retrieval when there are many records involved.
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In FreeBSD, the
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maps are always readable and writable only by root for security
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reasons. Technically this is only necessary for the password
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maps, but since the data in the other maps can be found in
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other world-readable files anyway, it doesn't hurt and it's considered
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good general practice.
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.Pp
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.Nm ypserv
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is started by
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.Nm /etc/rc
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if it has been enabled in
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.Nm /etc/sysconfig.
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.Sh SPECIAL FEATURES
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There are some problems associated with distributing FreeBSD's password
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database via NIS: FreeBSD normally only stores encrypted passwords
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in
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.Pa /etc/master.passwd ,
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which is readable and writable only by root. By turning this file
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into an NIS map, this security feature would be completely defeated.
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.Pp
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To make up for this, the FreeBSD version of
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.Nm ypserv
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handles the
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.Pa master.passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa master.basswd.byuid
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maps in a special way. When the server receives a request to access
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either of these two maps, it will check the TCP port from which the
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request originated and return an error if the port number is greater
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than 1023. Since only the superuser is allowed to bind to TCP ports
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with values less than 1024, the server can use this test to determine
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whether or not the access request came from a privileged user.
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Any requests made by non-privileged users are therefore rejected.
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.Pp
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Furthermore, the
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.Xr getpwent 3
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routines in FreeBSD's standard C libarary will only attempt to retrieve
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data from the
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.Pa master.passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa master.passwd.byuid
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maps for the superuser: if a normal user calls any of these functions,
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the standard
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.Pa passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa passwd.byuid
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maps will be accessed instead. The latter two maps are constructed by
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.Nm /var/yp/Makefile
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by parsing the
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.Pa master.passwd
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file and stripping out the password fields, and are therefore
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safe to pass on to unprivileged users. In this way, the shadow password
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aspect of the protected
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.Pa master.passwd
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database is maintained through NIS.
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.Pp
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.Sh NOTES
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.Ss Limitations
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There are two problems inherent with password shadowing in NIS
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that users should
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be aware of:
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.Bl -enum -offset indent
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.It
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The 'TCP port less than 1024' test is trivial to defeat for users with
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unrestricted access to machines on your network (even those machines
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which do not run UNIX-based operating systems).
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.It
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If you plan to use a FreeBSD system to serve non-FreeBSD clients that
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have no support for password shadowing (which is most of them), you
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will have to disable the password shadowing entirely by uncommenting the
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.Nm UNSECURE=True
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entry in
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.Nm /var/yp/Makefile .
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This will cause the standard
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.Pa passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa passwd.byuid
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maps to be generated with valid encrypted password fields, which is
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neccesary in order for non-FreeBSD clients to perform user
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authentication through NIS.
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.El
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.Pp
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.Ss Security
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In general, any remote user can issue an RPC to
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.Nm ypserv
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and retrieve the contents of your NIS maps, provided the remote user
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knows your domain name. To prevent such unauthorized transactions,
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.Nm ypserv
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supports a feature called
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.Pa securenets
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which can be used to restrict access to a given set of hosts.
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At startup,
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.Nm ypserv
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will attempt to load the securenets information from a file
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called
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.Nm /var/yp/securenets .
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(Note that this path varies depending on the path specified with
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the
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.Fl p
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option, which is explained below.) This file contains entries
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that consist of a network specification and a network mask separated
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by white space.
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Lines starting with ``#'' are considered to be comments. A
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sample securenets file might look like this:
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.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
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# allow connections from local host -- mandatory
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127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255
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# allow connections from any host
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# on the 129.168.128.0 network
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192.168.128.0 255.255.255.0
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# allow connections from any host
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# between 10.0.0.0 to 10.0.15.255
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10.0.0.0 255.255.240.0
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If
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.Nm ypserv
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receives a request from an address that matches one of these rules,
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it will process the request normally. If the address fails to match
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a rule, the request will be ignored and a warning message will be
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logged. If the
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.Pa /var/yp/securenets
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file does not exist,
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.Nm ypserv
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will allow connections from any host.
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.Pp
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.Nm Ypserv
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also has support for Wietse Venema's
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.Pa tcpwrapper
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package, though it is not compiled in by default since
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the
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.Pa tcpwrapper
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package is not distributed with FreeBSD. However, if you have
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.Nm libwrap.a
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and
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.Nm tcpd.h ,
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you can easily recompile
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.Nm ypserv
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with them. This allows the administrator to use the tcpwrapper
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configuration files (
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.Pa /etc/hosts.allow
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and
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.Pa /etc/hosts.deny )
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for access control instead of
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.Pa /var/yp/securenets .
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.Pp
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Note: while both of these access control mechanisms provide some
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security, they, like the privileged port test, are both vulnerable
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to ``IP spoofing'' attacks.
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.Pp
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.Ss NIS v1 compatibility
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This version of
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.Nm ypserv
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has some support for serving NIS v1 clients. FreeBSD's NIS
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implementation only uses the NIS v2 protocol, however other implementations
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include support for the v1 protocol for backwards compatibility
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with older systems. The
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.Xr ypbind 8
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daemons supplied with these systems will try to establish a binding
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to an NIS v1
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server even though they may never actually need it (and they may
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persist in broadcasting in search of one even after they receive a
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response from a v2 server). Note that while
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support for normal client calls is provided, this version of
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.Nm ypserv
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does not handle v1 map transfer requests; consequently, it can not
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be used as a master or slave in conjunction with older NIS servers that
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only support the v1 protocol. Fortunately, there probably aren't any
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such servers still in use today.
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.Ss NIS servers that are also NIS clients
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Care must be taken when running
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.Nm ypserv
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in a multi-server domain where the server machines are also
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NIS clients. It is generally a good idea to force the servers to
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bind to themselves rather than allowing them to broadcast bind
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requests and possibly become bound to each other: strange failure
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modes can result if one server goes down and
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others are dependent upon on it. (Eventually all the clients will
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time out and attempt to bind to other servers, but the delay
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involved can be considerable and the failure mode is still present
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since the servers might bind to each other all over again).
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.Pp
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Refer to the
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.Xr ypbind 8
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man page for details on how to force it to bind to a particular
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server.
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.Sh OPTIONS
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The following options are supported by
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.Nm ypserv :
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl n
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This option affects the way
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.Nm ypserv
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handles yp_match requests for the
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.Pa hosts.byname
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and
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.Pa hosts.byaddress
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maps. By default, if
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.Nm ypserv
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can't find an entry for a given host in its hosts maps, it will
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return an error and perform no further processing. With the
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.Fl n
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flag,
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.Nm ypserv
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will go one step further: rather than giving up immediately, it
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will try to resolve the hostname or address using a DNS nameserver
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query. If the query is successful,
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.Nm ypserv
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will construct a fake database record and return it to the client,
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thereby making it seem as though the client's yp_match request
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succeeded.
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.Pp
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This feature is provided for compatiblity with SunOS 4.1.x,
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which has brain-damaged resolver functions in its standard C
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library that depend on NIS for hostname and address resolution.
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FreeBSD's resolver can be configured to do DNS
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queries directly, therefore it is not necessary to enable this
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option when serving only FreeBSD NIS clients.
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.It Fl d
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Causes the server to run in debugging mode. Normally,
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.Nm ypserv
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reports only unusual errors (access violations, file access failures)
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using the
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.Xr syslog 3
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facility. In debug mode, the server does not background
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itself and prints extra status messages to stderr for each
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request that it revceives. Also, while running in debug mode,
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.Nm ypserv
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will not spawn any additional subprocesses as it normally does
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when handling yp_all requests or doing DNS lookups. (These actions
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often take a fair amount of time to complete and are therefore handled
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in subprocesses, allowing the parent server process to go on handling
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other requests.) This makes it easier to trace the server with
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a debugging tool.
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.It Fl p Ar path
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Normally,
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.Nm ypserv
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assumes that all NIS maps are stored under
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.Pa /var/yp .
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The
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.Fl p
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flag may be used to specify an alternate NIS root path, allowing
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the system administrator to move the map files to a different place
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within the filesystem.
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.El
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width Pa -compact
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.It Pa /var/yp/[domainname]/[maps]
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The NIS maps.
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.It Pa /etc/host.conf
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Resolver configuration file.
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.It Pa /var/yp/securenets
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Host access control file
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr ypcat 1 ,
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.Xr db 3 ,
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.Xr yp 4 ,
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.Xr ypbind 8 ,
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.Xr yppasswdd 8 ,
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.Xr yppush 8 ,
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.Xr ypxfr 8
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.Sh AUTHOR
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Bill Paul <wpaul@ctr.columbia.edu>
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.Sh HISTORY
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This version of
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.Nm ypserv
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first appeared in
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.Fx 2.2 .
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