This section describes the components of AFS commands and how to make entering commands more efficient by using shortened forms. It has the following sections: AFS Command Syntax Rules for Entering AFS Commands Rules for Using Abbreviations and Aliases Displaying Online Help for AFS Commands AFS commands that belong to suites have the following structure: command_suite operation_code-switch <value>[+] [-flag] Together, the command_suite and operation_code make up the command name. The command_suite specifies the group of related commands to which the command belongs, and indicates which command interpreter and server process perform the command. AFS has several command suites, including bos, fs, kas, package, pts, scout, uss and vos. Some of these suites have an interactive mode in which the issuer omits the command_suite portion of the command name. The operation_code tells the command interpreter and server process which action to perform. Most command suites include several operation codes. The OpenAFS Administration Reference describes each operation code in detail, and the OpenAFS Administration Guide describes how to use them in the context of performing administrative tasks. Several AFS commands do not belong to a suite and so their names do not have a command_suite portion. Their structure is otherwise similar to the commands in the suites. The term option refers to both arguments and flags, which are described in the following sections. One or more arguments can follow the command name. Arguments specify the entities on which to act while performing the command (for example, which server machine, server process, or file). To minimize the potential for error, provide a command's arguments in the order prescribed in its syntax definition. Each argument has two parts, which appear in the indicated order: The switch specifies the argument's type and is preceded by a hyphen ( - ). For instance, the switch -server usually indicates that the argument names a server machine. Switches can often be omitted, subject to the rules outlined in Conditions for Omitting Switches. The value names a particular entity of the type specified by the preceding switch. For example, the proper value for a -server switch is a server machine name like fs3.abc.com. Unlike switches (which have a required form), values vary depending on what the issuer wants to accomplish. Values appear surrounded by angle brackets (< >) in command descriptions and the online help to show that they are user-supplied variable information. Some arguments accept multiple values, as indicated by trailing plus sign ( + ) in the command descriptions and online help. How many of a command's arguments take multiple values, and their ordering with respect to other arguments, determine when it is acceptable to omit switches. See Conditions for Omitting Switches. Some commands have optional as well as required arguments; the command descriptions and online help show optional arguments in square brackets ([ ]). Some commands have one or more flags, which specify the manner in which the command interpreter and server process perform the command, or what kind of output it produces. Flags are preceded by hyphens like switches, but they take no values. Although the command descriptions and online help generally list a command's flags after its arguments, there is no prescribed order for flags. They can appear anywhere on the command line following the operation code, except in between the parts of an argument. Flags are always optional. The following example illustrates the different parts of a command that belongs to an AFS command suite. % bos getdate -server fs1.abc.com -file ptserver kaserver where bos is the command suite. The BOS Server executes most of the commands in this suite. getdate is the operation code. It tells the BOS Server on the specified server machine (in this case fs1.abc.com) to report the modification dates of binary files in the local /usr/afs/bin directory. -server fs1.abc.com is one argument, with -server as the switch and fs1.abc.com as the value. This argument specifies the server machine on which BOS Server is to collect and report binary dates. -file ptserver kaserver is an argument that takes multiple values. The switch is -file and the values are ptserver and kaserver. This argument tells the BOS Server to report the modification dates on the files /usr/afs/bin/kaserver and /usr/afs/bin/ptserver. Enter each AFS command on a single line (press <Return> only at the end of the command). Some commands in this document appear broken across multiple lines, but that is for legibility only. Use a space to separate each element on a command line from its neighbors. Spaces rather than commas also separate multiple values of an argument. In many cases, the issuer of a command can reduce the amount of typing necessary by using one or both of the following methods: Omitting switches Using accepted abbreviations for operation codes, switches (if they are included at all), and some types of values The following sections explain the conditions for omitting or shortening parts of the command line. It is always acceptable to type a command in full, with all of its switches and no abbreviations. It is always acceptable to type the switch part of an argument, but in many cases it is not necessary. Specifically, switches can be omitted if the following conditions are met. All of the command's required arguments appear in the order prescribed by the syntax statement No switch is provided for any argument There is only one value for each argument (but note the important exception discussed in the following paragraph) Omitting switches is possible only because there is a prescribed order for each command's arguments. When the issuer does not include switches, the command interpreter relies instead on the order of arguments; it assumes that the first element after the operation code is the command's first argument, the next element is the command's second argument, and so on. The important exception is when a command's final required argument accepts multiple values. In this case, the command interpreter assumes that the issuer has correctly provided one value for each argument up through the final one, so any additional values at the end belong to the final argument. The following list describes the rules for omitting switches from the opposite perspective: an argument's switch must be provided when any of the following conditions apply. The command's arguments do not appear in the prescribed order An optional argument is omitted but a subsequent optional argument is provided A switch is provided for a preceding argument More than one value is supplied for a preceding argument (which must take multiple values, of course); without a switch on the current argument, the command interpreter assumes that the current argument is another value for the preceding argument Consider again the example command from An Example Command. % bos getdate -server fs1.abc.com -file ptserver kaserver This command has two required arguments: the server machine name (identified by the -server switch) and binary file name (identified by the -file switch). The second argument accepts multiple values. By complying with all three conditions, the issuer can omit the switches: % bos getdate fs1.abc.com ptserver kaserver Because there are no switches, the bos command interpreter relies on the order of arguments. It assumes that the first element following the operation code, fs1.abc.com, is the server machine name, and that the next argument, ptserver, is a binary file name. Then, because the command's second (and last) argument accepts multiple values, the command interpreter correctly interprets kaserver as an additional value for it. On the other hand, the following is not acceptable because it violates the first two conditions in Conditions for Omitting Switches: even though there is only one value per argument, the arguments do not appear in the prescribed order, and a switch is provided for one argument but not the other. % bos getdate ptserver -server fs1.abc.com This section explains how to abbreviate operation codes, option names, server machine names, partition names, and cell names. It is not possible to abbreviate other types of values. It is acceptable to abbreviate an operation code to the shortest form that still distinguishes it from the other operation codes in its suite. For example, it is acceptable to shorten bos install to bos i because there are no other operation codes in the bos command suite that begin with the letter i. In contrast, there are several bos operation codes that start with the letter s, so the abbreviations must be longer to remain unambiguous: bos sa for bos salvage bos seta for bos setauth bos setc for bos setcellname bos setr for bos setrestart bos sh for bos shutdown bos start for bos start bos startu for bos startup bos stat for bos status bos sto for bos stop In addition to abbreviations, some operation codes have an alias, a short form that is not derived by abbreviating the operation code to its shortest unambiguous form. For example, the alias for the fs setacl command is fs sa, whereas the shortest unambiguous abbreviation is fs seta. There are two usual reasons an operation code has an alias: Because the command is frequently issued, it is convenient to have a form shorter than the one derived by abbreviating. The fs setacl command is an example. Because the command's name has changed, but users of previous versions of AFS know the former name. For example, bos listhosts has the alias bos getcell, its former name. It is acceptable to abbreviate aliases to their shortest unambiguous form (for example, bos getcell to bos getc). Even if an operation code has an alias, it is still acceptable to use the shortest unambiguous form. Thus, the fs setacl command has three acceptable forms: fs setacl (the full form), fs seta (the shortest abbreviation), and fs sa (the alias). It is acceptable to shorten a switch or flag to the shortest form that distinguishes it from the other switches and flags for its operation code. It is often possible to omit switches entirely, subject to the conditions listed in Conditions for Omitting Switches. AFS server machines must have fully-qualified Internet-style host names (for example, fs1.abc.com), but it is not always necessary to type the full name on the command line. AFS commands accept unambiguous shortened forms, but depend on the cell's name service (such as the Domain Name Service) or a local host table to resolve a shortened name to the fully-qualified equivalent when the command is issued. Most commands also accept the dotted decimal form of the machine's IP address as an identifier. Partitions that house AFS volumes must have names of the form /vicepx or /vicepxx, where the variable final portion is one or two lowercase letters. By convention, the first server partition created on a file server machine is called /vicepa, the second /vicepb, and so on. The OpenAFS Quick Beginnings explains how to configure and name a file server machine's partitions in preparation for storing AFS volumes on them. When issuing AFS commands, you can abbreviate a partition name using any of the following forms: /vicepa = vicepa = a = 0 /vicepb = vicepb = b = 1 After /vicepz (for which the index is 25) comes /vicepaa = vicepaa = aa = 26 /vicepab = vicepab = ab = 27 and so on through /vicepiv = vicepiv = iv = 255 A cell's full name usually matches its Internet domain name (such as stateu.edu for the State University or abc.com for ABC Corporation). Some AFS commands accept unambiguous shortened forms, usually with respect to the local /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file but sometimes depending on the ability of the local name service to resolve the corresponding domain name. To display online help for AFS commands that belong to suites, use the help and apropos operation codes. A -help flag is also available on every almost every AFS command. The online help entry for a command consists of two or three lines: The first line names the command and briefly describes what it does If the command has aliases, they appear on the next line The final line, which begins with the string Usage:, lists the command's options in the prescribed order; online help entries use the same typographical symbols (brackets and so on) as this documentation. If no operation code is specified, the help operation code displays the first line (short description) for every operation code in the suite: % command_suite help If the issuer specifies one or more operation codes, the help operation code displays each command's complete online entry (short description, alias if any, and syntax): % command_suite help operation_code+ The -help flag displays a command's syntax but not the short description or alias: % command_name -help The apropos operation code displays the short description of any command in a suite whose operation code or short description includes the specified keyword: % command_suite apropos "<help string>" The following example command displays the complete online help entry for the fs setacl command: % fs help setacl fs setacl: set access control list aliases: sa Usage: fs setacl -dir <directory>+ -acl <access list entries>+ [-clear] [-negative] [-id] [-if] [-help] To see only the syntax statement, use the -help flag: % fs setacl -help Usage: fs setacl -dir <directory>+ -acl <access list entries>+ [-clear] [-negative] [-id] [-if] [-help] In the following example, a user wants to display the quota for her home volume. She knows that the relevant command belongs to the fs suite, but cannot remember the operation code. She uses quota as the keyword: % fs apropos quota listquota: list volume quota quota: show volume quota usage setquota: set volume quota The following illustrates the error message that results if no command name or short description contains the keyword: % fs apropos "list quota" Sorry, no commands found