mirror of
https://github.com/ziglang/zig.git
synced 2024-11-27 15:42:49 +00:00
Andrew Kelley
commit
389c260252
@ -123,7 +123,13 @@ pub fn build(b: *Builder) !void {
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.source_dir = "lib",
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.install_dir = .Lib,
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.install_subdir = "zig",
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.exclude_extensions = &[_][]const u8{ "test.zig", "README.md" },
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.exclude_extensions = &[_][]const u8{
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"test.zig",
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"README.md",
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".z.0",
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".z.9",
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"rfc1951.txt",
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},
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});
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const test_filter = b.option([]const u8, "test-filter", "Skip tests that do not match filter");
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13
lib/std/compress.zig
Normal file
13
lib/std/compress.zig
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
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// Copyright (c) 2015-2020 Zig Contributors
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// This file is part of [zig](https://ziglang.org/), which is MIT licensed.
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// The MIT license requires this copyright notice to be included in all copies
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// and substantial portions of the software.
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const std = @import("std.zig");
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pub const deflate = @import("compress/deflate.zig");
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pub const zlib = @import("compress/zlib.zig");
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test "" {
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_ = zlib;
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}
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521
lib/std/compress/deflate.zig
Normal file
521
lib/std/compress/deflate.zig
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
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// Copyright (c) 2015-2020 Zig Contributors
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// This file is part of [zig](https://ziglang.org/), which is MIT licensed.
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// The MIT license requires this copyright notice to be included in all copies
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// and substantial portions of the software.
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//
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// Decompressor for DEFLATE data streams (RFC1951)
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//
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// Heavily inspired by the simple decompressor puff.c by Mark Adler
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const std = @import("std");
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const io = std.io;
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const math = std.math;
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const mem = std.mem;
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const assert = std.debug.assert;
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const MAXBITS = 15;
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const MAXLCODES = 286;
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const MAXDCODES = 30;
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const MAXCODES = MAXLCODES + MAXDCODES;
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const FIXLCODES = 288;
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const Huffman = struct {
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count: [MAXBITS + 1]u16,
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symbol: [MAXCODES]u16,
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fn construct(self: *Huffman, length: []const u16) !void {
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for (self.count) |*val| {
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val.* = 0;
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}
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for (length) |val| {
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self.count[val] += 1;
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}
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if (self.count[0] == length.len)
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return;
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var left: isize = 1;
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for (self.count[1..]) |val| {
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left *= 2;
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left -= @as(isize, @bitCast(i16, val));
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if (left < 0)
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return error.InvalidTree;
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}
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var offs: [MAXBITS + 1]u16 = undefined;
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{
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var len: usize = 1;
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offs[1] = 0;
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while (len < MAXBITS) : (len += 1) {
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offs[len + 1] = offs[len] + self.count[len];
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}
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}
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for (length) |val, symbol| {
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if (val != 0) {
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self.symbol[offs[val]] = @truncate(u16, symbol);
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offs[val] += 1;
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}
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}
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}
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};
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pub fn InflateStream(comptime ReaderType: type) type {
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return struct {
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const Self = @This();
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pub const Error = ReaderType.Error || error{
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EndOfStream,
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BadCounts,
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InvalidBlockType,
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InvalidDistance,
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InvalidFixedCode,
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InvalidLength,
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InvalidStoredSize,
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InvalidSymbol,
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InvalidTree,
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MissingEOBCode,
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NoLastLength,
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OutOfCodes,
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};
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pub const Reader = io.Reader(*Self, Error, read);
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bit_reader: io.BitReader(.Little, ReaderType),
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// True if the decoder met the end of the compressed stream, no further
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// data can be decompressed
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seen_eos: bool,
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state: union(enum) {
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// Parse a compressed block header and set up the internal state for
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// decompressing its contents.
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DecodeBlockHeader: void,
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// Decode all the symbols in a compressed block.
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DecodeBlockData: void,
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// Copy N bytes of uncompressed data from the underlying stream into
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// the window.
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Copy: usize,
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// Copy 1 byte into the window.
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CopyLit: u8,
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// Copy L bytes from the window itself, starting from D bytes
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// behind.
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CopyFrom: struct { distance: u16, length: u16 },
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},
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// Sliding window for the LZ77 algorithm
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window: struct {
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const WSelf = @This();
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// invariant: buffer length is always a power of 2
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buf: []u8,
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// invariant: ri <= wi
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wi: usize = 0, // Write index
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ri: usize = 0, // Read index
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el: usize = 0, // Number of readable elements
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fn readable(self: *WSelf) usize {
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return self.el;
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}
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fn writable(self: *WSelf) usize {
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return self.buf.len - self.el;
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}
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// Insert a single byte into the window.
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// Returns 1 if there's enough space for the new byte and 0
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// otherwise.
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fn append(self: *WSelf, value: u8) usize {
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if (self.writable() < 1) return 0;
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self.appendUnsafe(value);
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return 1;
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}
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// Insert a single byte into the window.
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// Assumes there's enough space.
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fn appendUnsafe(self: *WSelf, value: u8) void {
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self.buf[self.wi] = value;
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self.wi = (self.wi + 1) & (self.buf.len - 1);
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self.el += 1;
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}
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// Fill dest[] with data from the window, starting from the read
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// position. This updates the read pointer.
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// Returns the number of read bytes or 0 if there's nothing to read
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// yet.
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fn read(self: *WSelf, dest: []u8) usize {
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const N = math.min(dest.len, self.readable());
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if (N == 0) return 0;
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if (self.ri + N < self.buf.len) {
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// The data doesn't wrap around
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mem.copy(u8, dest, self.buf[self.ri .. self.ri + N]);
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} else {
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// The data wraps around the buffer, split the copy
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std.mem.copy(u8, dest, self.buf[self.ri..]);
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// How much data we've copied from `ri` to the end
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const r = self.buf.len - self.ri;
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std.mem.copy(u8, dest[r..], self.buf[0 .. N - r]);
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}
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self.ri = (self.ri + N) & (self.buf.len - 1);
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self.el -= N;
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return N;
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}
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// Copy `length` bytes starting from `distance` bytes behind the
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// write pointer.
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// Be careful as the length may be greater than the distance, that's
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// how the compressor encodes run-length encoded sequences.
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fn copyFrom(self: *WSelf, distance: usize, length: usize) usize {
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const N = math.min(length, self.writable());
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if (N == 0) return 0;
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// TODO: Profile and, if needed, replace with smarter juggling
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// of the window memory for the non-overlapping case.
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var i: usize = 0;
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while (i < N) : (i += 1) {
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const index = (self.wi -% distance) % self.buf.len;
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self.appendUnsafe(self.buf[index]);
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}
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return N;
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}
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},
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// Compressor-local Huffman tables used to decompress blocks with
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// dynamic codes.
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huffman_tables: [2]Huffman = undefined,
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// Huffman tables used for decoding length/distance pairs.
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hdist: *Huffman,
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hlen: *Huffman,
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fn stored(self: *Self) !void {
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// Discard the remaining bits, the lenght field is always
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// byte-aligned (and so is the data)
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self.bit_reader.alignToByte();
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const length = (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(u16, 16));
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const length_cpl = (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(u16, 16));
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if (length != ~length_cpl)
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return error.InvalidStoredSize;
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self.state = .{ .Copy = length };
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}
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fn fixed(self: *Self) !void {
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comptime var lencode: Huffman = undefined;
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comptime var distcode: Huffman = undefined;
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// The Huffman codes are specified in the RFC1951, section 3.2.6
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comptime {
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@setEvalBranchQuota(100000);
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const len_lengths = //
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[_]u16{8} ** 144 ++
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[_]u16{9} ** 112 ++
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[_]u16{7} ** 24 ++
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[_]u16{8} ** 8;
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assert(len_lengths.len == FIXLCODES);
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try lencode.construct(len_lengths[0..]);
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const dist_lengths = [_]u16{5} ** MAXDCODES;
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try distcode.construct(dist_lengths[0..]);
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}
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self.hlen = &lencode;
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self.hdist = &distcode;
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self.state = .DecodeBlockData;
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}
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fn dynamic(self: *Self) !void {
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// Number of length codes
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const nlen = (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(usize, 5)) + 257;
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// Number of distance codes
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const ndist = (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(usize, 5)) + 1;
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// Number of code length codes
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const ncode = (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(usize, 4)) + 4;
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if (nlen > MAXLCODES or ndist > MAXDCODES)
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return error.BadCounts;
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// Permutation of code length codes
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const ORDER = [19]u16{
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16, 17, 18, 0, 8, 7, 9, 6, 10, 5, 11, 4,
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12, 3, 13, 2, 14, 1, 15,
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};
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// Build the Huffman table to decode the code length codes
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var lencode: Huffman = undefined;
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{
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var lengths = std.mem.zeroes([19]u16);
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// Read the code lengths, missing ones are left as zero
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for (ORDER[0..ncode]) |val| {
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lengths[val] = try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(u16, 3);
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}
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try lencode.construct(lengths[0..]);
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}
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// Read the length/literal and distance code length tables.
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// Zero the table by default so we can avoid explicitly writing out
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// zeros for codes 17 and 18
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var lengths = std.mem.zeroes([MAXCODES]u16);
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var i: usize = 0;
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while (i < nlen + ndist) {
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const symbol = try self.decode(&lencode);
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switch (symbol) {
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0...15 => {
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lengths[i] = symbol;
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i += 1;
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},
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16 => {
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// repeat last length 3..6 times
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if (i == 0) return error.NoLastLength;
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const last_length = lengths[i - 1];
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const repeat = 3 + (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(usize, 2));
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const last_index = i + repeat;
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while (i < last_index) : (i += 1) {
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lengths[i] = last_length;
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}
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},
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17 => {
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// repeat zero 3..10 times
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i += 3 + (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(usize, 3));
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},
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18 => {
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// repeat zero 11..138 times
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i += 11 + (try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(usize, 7));
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},
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else => return error.InvalidSymbol,
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}
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}
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if (i > nlen + ndist)
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return error.InvalidLength;
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// Check if the end of block code is present
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if (lengths[256] == 0)
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return error.MissingEOBCode;
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try self.huffman_tables[0].construct(lengths[0..nlen]);
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try self.huffman_tables[1].construct(lengths[nlen .. nlen + ndist]);
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self.hlen = &self.huffman_tables[0];
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self.hdist = &self.huffman_tables[1];
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self.state = .DecodeBlockData;
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}
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fn codes(self: *Self, lencode: *Huffman, distcode: *Huffman) !bool {
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// Size base for length codes 257..285
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const LENS = [29]u16{
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3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 27, 31,
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35, 43, 51, 59, 67, 83, 99, 115, 131, 163, 195, 227, 258,
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};
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// Extra bits for length codes 257..285
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const LEXT = [29]u16{
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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,
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3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0,
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};
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// Offset base for distance codes 0..29
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const DISTS = [30]u16{
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1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 25, 33, 49, 65, 97, 129, 193,
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257, 385, 513, 769, 1025, 1537, 2049, 3073, 4097, 6145, 8193, 12289, 16385, 24577,
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};
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// Extra bits for distance codes 0..29
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const DEXT = [30]u16{
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0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6,
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7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 13,
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};
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while (true) {
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const symbol = try self.decode(lencode);
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switch (symbol) {
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0...255 => {
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// Literal value
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const c = @truncate(u8, symbol);
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if (self.window.append(c) == 0) {
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self.state = .{ .CopyLit = c };
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return false;
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}
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},
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256 => {
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// End of block symbol
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return true;
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},
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257...285 => {
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// Length/distance pair
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const length_symbol = symbol - 257;
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const length = LENS[length_symbol] +
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try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(u16, LEXT[length_symbol]);
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const distance_symbol = try self.decode(distcode);
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const distance = DISTS[distance_symbol] +
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try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(u16, DEXT[distance_symbol]);
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if (distance > self.window.buf.len)
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return error.InvalidDistance;
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const written = self.window.copyFrom(distance, length);
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if (written != length) {
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self.state = .{
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.CopyFrom = .{
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.distance = distance,
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.length = length - @truncate(u16, written),
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},
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};
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return false;
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}
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},
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else => return error.InvalidFixedCode,
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}
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}
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}
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fn decode(self: *Self, h: *Huffman) !u16 {
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var len: usize = 1;
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var code: usize = 0;
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var first: usize = 0;
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var index: usize = 0;
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while (len <= MAXBITS) : (len += 1) {
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code |= try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(usize, 1);
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const count = h.count[len];
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if (code < first + count)
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return h.symbol[index + (code - first)];
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index += count;
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first += count;
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first <<= 1;
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code <<= 1;
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}
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return error.OutOfCodes;
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}
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fn step(self: *Self) !void {
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while (true) {
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switch (self.state) {
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.DecodeBlockHeader => {
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// The compressed stream is done
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if (self.seen_eos) return;
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const last = try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(u1, 1);
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const kind = try self.bit_reader.readBitsNoEof(u2, 2);
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self.seen_eos = last != 0;
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// The next state depends on the block type
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switch (kind) {
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0 => try self.stored(),
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1 => try self.fixed(),
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2 => try self.dynamic(),
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3 => return error.InvalidBlockType,
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}
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},
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.DecodeBlockData => {
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if (!try self.codes(self.hlen, self.hdist)) {
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return;
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}
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self.state = .DecodeBlockHeader;
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},
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.Copy => |*length| {
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const N = math.min(self.window.writable(), length.*);
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// TODO: This loop can be more efficient. On the other
|
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// hand uncompressed blocks are not that common so...
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var i: usize = 0;
|
||||
while (i < N) : (i += 1) {
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var tmp: [1]u8 = undefined;
|
||||
if ((try self.bit_reader.read(&tmp)) != 1) {
|
||||
// Unexpected end of stream, keep this error
|
||||
// consistent with the use of readBitsNoEof
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return error.EndOfStream;
|
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}
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self.window.appendUnsafe(tmp[0]);
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}
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if (N != length.*) {
|
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length.* -= N;
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return;
|
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}
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|
||||
self.state = .DecodeBlockHeader;
|
||||
},
|
||||
.CopyLit => |c| {
|
||||
if (self.window.append(c) == 0) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
self.state = .DecodeBlockData;
|
||||
},
|
||||
.CopyFrom => |*info| {
|
||||
const written = self.window.copyFrom(info.distance, info.length);
|
||||
if (written != info.length) {
|
||||
info.length -= @truncate(u16, written);
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
self.state = .DecodeBlockData;
|
||||
},
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn init(source: ReaderType, window_slice: []u8) Self {
|
||||
assert(math.isPowerOfTwo(window_slice.len));
|
||||
|
||||
return Self{
|
||||
.bit_reader = io.bitReader(.Little, source),
|
||||
.window = .{ .buf = window_slice },
|
||||
.seen_eos = false,
|
||||
.state = .DecodeBlockHeader,
|
||||
.hdist = undefined,
|
||||
.hlen = undefined,
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Implements the io.Reader interface
|
||||
pub fn read(self: *Self, buffer: []u8) Error!usize {
|
||||
if (buffer.len == 0)
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
|
||||
// Try reading as much as possible from the window
|
||||
var read_amt: usize = self.window.read(buffer);
|
||||
while (read_amt < buffer.len) {
|
||||
// Run the state machine, we can detect the "effective" end of
|
||||
// stream condition by checking if any progress was made.
|
||||
// Why "effective"? Because even though `seen_eos` is true we
|
||||
// may still have to finish processing other decoding steps.
|
||||
try self.step();
|
||||
// No progress was made
|
||||
if (self.window.readable() == 0)
|
||||
break;
|
||||
|
||||
read_amt += self.window.read(buffer[read_amt..]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return read_amt;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pub fn reader(self: *Self) Reader {
|
||||
return .{ .context = self };
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pub fn inflateStream(reader: anytype, window_slice: []u8) InflateStream(@TypeOf(reader)) {
|
||||
return InflateStream(@TypeOf(reader)).init(reader, window_slice);
|
||||
}
|
||||
955
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt
Normal file
955
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Network Working Group P. Deutsch
|
||||
Request for Comments: 1951 Aladdin Enterprises
|
||||
Category: Informational May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3
|
||||
|
||||
Status of This Memo
|
||||
|
||||
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
|
||||
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
|
||||
this memo is unlimited.
|
||||
|
||||
IESG Note:
|
||||
|
||||
The IESG takes no position on the validity of any Intellectual
|
||||
Property Rights statements contained in this document.
|
||||
|
||||
Notices
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (c) 1996 L. Peter Deutsch
|
||||
|
||||
Permission is granted to copy and distribute this document for any
|
||||
purpose and without charge, including translations into other
|
||||
languages and incorporation into compilations, provided that the
|
||||
copyright notice and this notice are preserved, and that any
|
||||
substantive changes or deletions from the original are clearly
|
||||
marked.
|
||||
|
||||
A pointer to the latest version of this and related documentation in
|
||||
HTML format can be found at the URL
|
||||
<ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/png/documents/zlib/zdoc-index.html>.
|
||||
|
||||
Abstract
|
||||
|
||||
This specification defines a lossless compressed data format that
|
||||
compresses data using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman
|
||||
coding, with efficiency comparable to the best currently available
|
||||
general-purpose compression methods. The data can be produced or
|
||||
consumed, even for an arbitrarily long sequentially presented input
|
||||
data stream, using only an a priori bounded amount of intermediate
|
||||
storage. The format can be implemented readily in a manner not
|
||||
covered by patents.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 1]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Table of Contents
|
||||
|
||||
1. Introduction ................................................... 2
|
||||
1.1. Purpose ................................................... 2
|
||||
1.2. Intended audience ......................................... 3
|
||||
1.3. Scope ..................................................... 3
|
||||
1.4. Compliance ................................................ 3
|
||||
1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used ................ 3
|
||||
1.6. Changes from previous versions ............................ 4
|
||||
2. Compressed representation overview ............................. 4
|
||||
3. Detailed specification ......................................... 5
|
||||
3.1. Overall conventions ....................................... 5
|
||||
3.1.1. Packing into bytes .................................. 5
|
||||
3.2. Compressed block format ................................... 6
|
||||
3.2.1. Synopsis of prefix and Huffman coding ............... 6
|
||||
3.2.2. Use of Huffman coding in the "deflate" format ....... 7
|
||||
3.2.3. Details of block format ............................. 9
|
||||
3.2.4. Non-compressed blocks (BTYPE=00) ................... 11
|
||||
3.2.5. Compressed blocks (length and distance codes) ...... 11
|
||||
3.2.6. Compression with fixed Huffman codes (BTYPE=01) .... 12
|
||||
3.2.7. Compression with dynamic Huffman codes (BTYPE=10) .. 13
|
||||
3.3. Compliance ............................................... 14
|
||||
4. Compression algorithm details ................................. 14
|
||||
5. References .................................................... 16
|
||||
6. Security Considerations ....................................... 16
|
||||
7. Source code ................................................... 16
|
||||
8. Acknowledgements .............................................. 16
|
||||
9. Author's Address .............................................. 17
|
||||
|
||||
1. Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
1.1. Purpose
|
||||
|
||||
The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless
|
||||
compressed data format that:
|
||||
* Is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system,
|
||||
and character set, and hence can be used for interchange;
|
||||
* Can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long
|
||||
sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a
|
||||
priori bounded amount of intermediate storage, and hence
|
||||
can be used in data communications or similar structures
|
||||
such as Unix filters;
|
||||
* Compresses data with efficiency comparable to the best
|
||||
currently available general-purpose compression methods,
|
||||
and in particular considerably better than the "compress"
|
||||
program;
|
||||
* Can be implemented readily in a manner not covered by
|
||||
patents, and hence can be practiced freely;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 2]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Is compatible with the file format produced by the current
|
||||
widely used gzip utility, in that conforming decompressors
|
||||
will be able to read data produced by the existing gzip
|
||||
compressor.
|
||||
|
||||
The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to:
|
||||
|
||||
* Allow random access to compressed data;
|
||||
* Compress specialized data (e.g., raster graphics) as well
|
||||
as the best currently available specialized algorithms.
|
||||
|
||||
A simple counting argument shows that no lossless compression
|
||||
algorithm can compress every possible input data set. For the
|
||||
format defined here, the worst case expansion is 5 bytes per 32K-
|
||||
byte block, i.e., a size increase of 0.015% for large data sets.
|
||||
English text usually compresses by a factor of 2.5 to 3;
|
||||
executable files usually compress somewhat less; graphical data
|
||||
such as raster images may compress much more.
|
||||
|
||||
1.2. Intended audience
|
||||
|
||||
This specification is intended for use by implementors of software
|
||||
to compress data into "deflate" format and/or decompress data from
|
||||
"deflate" format.
|
||||
|
||||
The text of the specification assumes a basic background in
|
||||
programming at the level of bits and other primitive data
|
||||
representations. Familiarity with the technique of Huffman coding
|
||||
is helpful but not required.
|
||||
|
||||
1.3. Scope
|
||||
|
||||
The specification specifies a method for representing a sequence
|
||||
of bytes as a (usually shorter) sequence of bits, and a method for
|
||||
packing the latter bit sequence into bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
1.4. Compliance
|
||||
|
||||
Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be
|
||||
able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all
|
||||
the specifications presented here; a compliant compressor must
|
||||
produce data sets that conform to all the specifications presented
|
||||
here.
|
||||
|
||||
1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used
|
||||
|
||||
Byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet).
|
||||
For this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on machines
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 3]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
which store a character on a number of bits different from eight.
|
||||
See below, for the numbering of bits within a byte.
|
||||
|
||||
String: a sequence of arbitrary bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
1.6. Changes from previous versions
|
||||
|
||||
There have been no technical changes to the deflate format since
|
||||
version 1.1 of this specification. In version 1.2, some
|
||||
terminology was changed. Version 1.3 is a conversion of the
|
||||
specification to RFC style.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Compressed representation overview
|
||||
|
||||
A compressed data set consists of a series of blocks, corresponding
|
||||
to successive blocks of input data. The block sizes are arbitrary,
|
||||
except that non-compressible blocks are limited to 65,535 bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
Each block is compressed using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm
|
||||
and Huffman coding. The Huffman trees for each block are independent
|
||||
of those for previous or subsequent blocks; the LZ77 algorithm may
|
||||
use a reference to a duplicated string occurring in a previous block,
|
||||
up to 32K input bytes before.
|
||||
|
||||
Each block consists of two parts: a pair of Huffman code trees that
|
||||
describe the representation of the compressed data part, and a
|
||||
compressed data part. (The Huffman trees themselves are compressed
|
||||
using Huffman encoding.) The compressed data consists of a series of
|
||||
elements of two types: literal bytes (of strings that have not been
|
||||
detected as duplicated within the previous 32K input bytes), and
|
||||
pointers to duplicated strings, where a pointer is represented as a
|
||||
pair <length, backward distance>. The representation used in the
|
||||
"deflate" format limits distances to 32K bytes and lengths to 258
|
||||
bytes, but does not limit the size of a block, except for
|
||||
uncompressible blocks, which are limited as noted above.
|
||||
|
||||
Each type of value (literals, distances, and lengths) in the
|
||||
compressed data is represented using a Huffman code, using one code
|
||||
tree for literals and lengths and a separate code tree for distances.
|
||||
The code trees for each block appear in a compact form just before
|
||||
the compressed data for that block.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 4]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3. Detailed specification
|
||||
|
||||
3.1. Overall conventions In the diagrams below, a box like this:
|
||||
|
||||
+---+
|
||||
| | <-- the vertical bars might be missing
|
||||
+---+
|
||||
|
||||
represents one byte; a box like this:
|
||||
|
||||
+==============+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+==============+
|
||||
|
||||
represents a variable number of bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since
|
||||
they are always treated as a unit. However, a byte considered as
|
||||
an integer between 0 and 255 does have a most- and least-
|
||||
significant bit, and since we write numbers with the most-
|
||||
significant digit on the left, we also write bytes with the most-
|
||||
significant bit on the left. In the diagrams below, we number the
|
||||
bits of a byte so that bit 0 is the least-significant bit, i.e.,
|
||||
the bits are numbered:
|
||||
|
||||
+--------+
|
||||
|76543210|
|
||||
+--------+
|
||||
|
||||
Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes. All
|
||||
multi-byte numbers in the format described here are stored with
|
||||
the least-significant byte first (at the lower memory address).
|
||||
For example, the decimal number 520 is stored as:
|
||||
|
||||
0 1
|
||||
+--------+--------+
|
||||
|00001000|00000010|
|
||||
+--------+--------+
|
||||
^ ^
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| + more significant byte = 2 x 256
|
||||
+ less significant byte = 8
|
||||
|
||||
3.1.1. Packing into bytes
|
||||
|
||||
This document does not address the issue of the order in which
|
||||
bits of a byte are transmitted on a bit-sequential medium,
|
||||
since the final data format described here is byte- rather than
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 5]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
bit-oriented. However, we describe the compressed block format
|
||||
in below, as a sequence of data elements of various bit
|
||||
lengths, not a sequence of bytes. We must therefore specify
|
||||
how to pack these data elements into bytes to form the final
|
||||
compressed byte sequence:
|
||||
|
||||
* Data elements are packed into bytes in order of
|
||||
increasing bit number within the byte, i.e., starting
|
||||
with the least-significant bit of the byte.
|
||||
* Data elements other than Huffman codes are packed
|
||||
starting with the least-significant bit of the data
|
||||
element.
|
||||
* Huffman codes are packed starting with the most-
|
||||
significant bit of the code.
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, if one were to print out the compressed data as
|
||||
a sequence of bytes, starting with the first byte at the
|
||||
*right* margin and proceeding to the *left*, with the most-
|
||||
significant bit of each byte on the left as usual, one would be
|
||||
able to parse the result from right to left, with fixed-width
|
||||
elements in the correct MSB-to-LSB order and Huffman codes in
|
||||
bit-reversed order (i.e., with the first bit of the code in the
|
||||
relative LSB position).
|
||||
|
||||
3.2. Compressed block format
|
||||
|
||||
3.2.1. Synopsis of prefix and Huffman coding
|
||||
|
||||
Prefix coding represents symbols from an a priori known
|
||||
alphabet by bit sequences (codes), one code for each symbol, in
|
||||
a manner such that different symbols may be represented by bit
|
||||
sequences of different lengths, but a parser can always parse
|
||||
an encoded string unambiguously symbol-by-symbol.
|
||||
|
||||
We define a prefix code in terms of a binary tree in which the
|
||||
two edges descending from each non-leaf node are labeled 0 and
|
||||
1 and in which the leaf nodes correspond one-for-one with (are
|
||||
labeled with) the symbols of the alphabet; then the code for a
|
||||
symbol is the sequence of 0's and 1's on the edges leading from
|
||||
the root to the leaf labeled with that symbol. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 6]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/\ Symbol Code
|
||||
0 1 ------ ----
|
||||
/ \ A 00
|
||||
/\ B B 1
|
||||
0 1 C 011
|
||||
/ \ D 010
|
||||
A /\
|
||||
0 1
|
||||
/ \
|
||||
D C
|
||||
|
||||
A parser can decode the next symbol from an encoded input
|
||||
stream by walking down the tree from the root, at each step
|
||||
choosing the edge corresponding to the next input bit.
|
||||
|
||||
Given an alphabet with known symbol frequencies, the Huffman
|
||||
algorithm allows the construction of an optimal prefix code
|
||||
(one which represents strings with those symbol frequencies
|
||||
using the fewest bits of any possible prefix codes for that
|
||||
alphabet). Such a code is called a Huffman code. (See
|
||||
reference [1] in Chapter 5, references for additional
|
||||
information on Huffman codes.)
|
||||
|
||||
Note that in the "deflate" format, the Huffman codes for the
|
||||
various alphabets must not exceed certain maximum code lengths.
|
||||
This constraint complicates the algorithm for computing code
|
||||
lengths from symbol frequencies. Again, see Chapter 5,
|
||||
references for details.
|
||||
|
||||
3.2.2. Use of Huffman coding in the "deflate" format
|
||||
|
||||
The Huffman codes used for each alphabet in the "deflate"
|
||||
format have two additional rules:
|
||||
|
||||
* All codes of a given bit length have lexicographically
|
||||
consecutive values, in the same order as the symbols
|
||||
they represent;
|
||||
|
||||
* Shorter codes lexicographically precede longer codes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 7]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We could recode the example above to follow this rule as
|
||||
follows, assuming that the order of the alphabet is ABCD:
|
||||
|
||||
Symbol Code
|
||||
------ ----
|
||||
A 10
|
||||
B 0
|
||||
C 110
|
||||
D 111
|
||||
|
||||
I.e., 0 precedes 10 which precedes 11x, and 110 and 111 are
|
||||
lexicographically consecutive.
|
||||
|
||||
Given this rule, we can define the Huffman code for an alphabet
|
||||
just by giving the bit lengths of the codes for each symbol of
|
||||
the alphabet in order; this is sufficient to determine the
|
||||
actual codes. In our example, the code is completely defined
|
||||
by the sequence of bit lengths (2, 1, 3, 3). The following
|
||||
algorithm generates the codes as integers, intended to be read
|
||||
from most- to least-significant bit. The code lengths are
|
||||
initially in tree[I].Len; the codes are produced in
|
||||
tree[I].Code.
|
||||
|
||||
1) Count the number of codes for each code length. Let
|
||||
bl_count[N] be the number of codes of length N, N >= 1.
|
||||
|
||||
2) Find the numerical value of the smallest code for each
|
||||
code length:
|
||||
|
||||
code = 0;
|
||||
bl_count[0] = 0;
|
||||
for (bits = 1; bits <= MAX_BITS; bits++) {
|
||||
code = (code + bl_count[bits-1]) << 1;
|
||||
next_code[bits] = code;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
3) Assign numerical values to all codes, using consecutive
|
||||
values for all codes of the same length with the base
|
||||
values determined at step 2. Codes that are never used
|
||||
(which have a bit length of zero) must not be assigned a
|
||||
value.
|
||||
|
||||
for (n = 0; n <= max_code; n++) {
|
||||
len = tree[n].Len;
|
||||
if (len != 0) {
|
||||
tree[n].Code = next_code[len];
|
||||
next_code[len]++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 8]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Example:
|
||||
|
||||
Consider the alphabet ABCDEFGH, with bit lengths (3, 3, 3, 3,
|
||||
3, 2, 4, 4). After step 1, we have:
|
||||
|
||||
N bl_count[N]
|
||||
- -----------
|
||||
2 1
|
||||
3 5
|
||||
4 2
|
||||
|
||||
Step 2 computes the following next_code values:
|
||||
|
||||
N next_code[N]
|
||||
- ------------
|
||||
1 0
|
||||
2 0
|
||||
3 2
|
||||
4 14
|
||||
|
||||
Step 3 produces the following code values:
|
||||
|
||||
Symbol Length Code
|
||||
------ ------ ----
|
||||
A 3 010
|
||||
B 3 011
|
||||
C 3 100
|
||||
D 3 101
|
||||
E 3 110
|
||||
F 2 00
|
||||
G 4 1110
|
||||
H 4 1111
|
||||
|
||||
3.2.3. Details of block format
|
||||
|
||||
Each block of compressed data begins with 3 header bits
|
||||
containing the following data:
|
||||
|
||||
first bit BFINAL
|
||||
next 2 bits BTYPE
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the header bits do not necessarily begin on a byte
|
||||
boundary, since a block does not necessarily occupy an integral
|
||||
number of bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 9]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
BFINAL is set if and only if this is the last block of the data
|
||||
set.
|
||||
|
||||
BTYPE specifies how the data are compressed, as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
00 - no compression
|
||||
01 - compressed with fixed Huffman codes
|
||||
10 - compressed with dynamic Huffman codes
|
||||
11 - reserved (error)
|
||||
|
||||
The only difference between the two compressed cases is how the
|
||||
Huffman codes for the literal/length and distance alphabets are
|
||||
defined.
|
||||
|
||||
In all cases, the decoding algorithm for the actual data is as
|
||||
follows:
|
||||
|
||||
do
|
||||
read block header from input stream.
|
||||
if stored with no compression
|
||||
skip any remaining bits in current partially
|
||||
processed byte
|
||||
read LEN and NLEN (see next section)
|
||||
copy LEN bytes of data to output
|
||||
otherwise
|
||||
if compressed with dynamic Huffman codes
|
||||
read representation of code trees (see
|
||||
subsection below)
|
||||
loop (until end of block code recognized)
|
||||
decode literal/length value from input stream
|
||||
if value < 256
|
||||
copy value (literal byte) to output stream
|
||||
otherwise
|
||||
if value = end of block (256)
|
||||
break from loop
|
||||
otherwise (value = 257..285)
|
||||
decode distance from input stream
|
||||
|
||||
move backwards distance bytes in the output
|
||||
stream, and copy length bytes from this
|
||||
position to the output stream.
|
||||
end loop
|
||||
while not last block
|
||||
|
||||
Note that a duplicated string reference may refer to a string
|
||||
in a previous block; i.e., the backward distance may cross one
|
||||
or more block boundaries. However a distance cannot refer past
|
||||
the beginning of the output stream. (An application using a
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 10]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
preset dictionary might discard part of the output stream; a
|
||||
distance can refer to that part of the output stream anyway)
|
||||
Note also that the referenced string may overlap the current
|
||||
position; for example, if the last 2 bytes decoded have values
|
||||
X and Y, a string reference with <length = 5, distance = 2>
|
||||
adds X,Y,X,Y,X to the output stream.
|
||||
|
||||
We now specify each compression method in turn.
|
||||
|
||||
3.2.4. Non-compressed blocks (BTYPE=00)
|
||||
|
||||
Any bits of input up to the next byte boundary are ignored.
|
||||
The rest of the block consists of the following information:
|
||||
|
||||
0 1 2 3 4...
|
||||
+---+---+---+---+================================+
|
||||
| LEN | NLEN |... LEN bytes of literal data...|
|
||||
+---+---+---+---+================================+
|
||||
|
||||
LEN is the number of data bytes in the block. NLEN is the
|
||||
one's complement of LEN.
|
||||
|
||||
3.2.5. Compressed blocks (length and distance codes)
|
||||
|
||||
As noted above, encoded data blocks in the "deflate" format
|
||||
consist of sequences of symbols drawn from three conceptually
|
||||
distinct alphabets: either literal bytes, from the alphabet of
|
||||
byte values (0..255), or <length, backward distance> pairs,
|
||||
where the length is drawn from (3..258) and the distance is
|
||||
drawn from (1..32,768). In fact, the literal and length
|
||||
alphabets are merged into a single alphabet (0..285), where
|
||||
values 0..255 represent literal bytes, the value 256 indicates
|
||||
end-of-block, and values 257..285 represent length codes
|
||||
(possibly in conjunction with extra bits following the symbol
|
||||
code) as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 11]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Extra Extra Extra
|
||||
Code Bits Length(s) Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Length(s)
|
||||
---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -------
|
||||
257 0 3 267 1 15,16 277 4 67-82
|
||||
258 0 4 268 1 17,18 278 4 83-98
|
||||
259 0 5 269 2 19-22 279 4 99-114
|
||||
260 0 6 270 2 23-26 280 4 115-130
|
||||
261 0 7 271 2 27-30 281 5 131-162
|
||||
262 0 8 272 2 31-34 282 5 163-194
|
||||
263 0 9 273 3 35-42 283 5 195-226
|
||||
264 0 10 274 3 43-50 284 5 227-257
|
||||
265 1 11,12 275 3 51-58 285 0 258
|
||||
266 1 13,14 276 3 59-66
|
||||
|
||||
The extra bits should be interpreted as a machine integer
|
||||
stored with the most-significant bit first, e.g., bits 1110
|
||||
represent the value 14.
|
||||
|
||||
Extra Extra Extra
|
||||
Code Bits Dist Code Bits Dist Code Bits Distance
|
||||
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- --------
|
||||
0 0 1 10 4 33-48 20 9 1025-1536
|
||||
1 0 2 11 4 49-64 21 9 1537-2048
|
||||
2 0 3 12 5 65-96 22 10 2049-3072
|
||||
3 0 4 13 5 97-128 23 10 3073-4096
|
||||
4 1 5,6 14 6 129-192 24 11 4097-6144
|
||||
5 1 7,8 15 6 193-256 25 11 6145-8192
|
||||
6 2 9-12 16 7 257-384 26 12 8193-12288
|
||||
7 2 13-16 17 7 385-512 27 12 12289-16384
|
||||
8 3 17-24 18 8 513-768 28 13 16385-24576
|
||||
9 3 25-32 19 8 769-1024 29 13 24577-32768
|
||||
|
||||
3.2.6. Compression with fixed Huffman codes (BTYPE=01)
|
||||
|
||||
The Huffman codes for the two alphabets are fixed, and are not
|
||||
represented explicitly in the data. The Huffman code lengths
|
||||
for the literal/length alphabet are:
|
||||
|
||||
Lit Value Bits Codes
|
||||
--------- ---- -----
|
||||
0 - 143 8 00110000 through
|
||||
10111111
|
||||
144 - 255 9 110010000 through
|
||||
111111111
|
||||
256 - 279 7 0000000 through
|
||||
0010111
|
||||
280 - 287 8 11000000 through
|
||||
11000111
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 12]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The code lengths are sufficient to generate the actual codes,
|
||||
as described above; we show the codes in the table for added
|
||||
clarity. Literal/length values 286-287 will never actually
|
||||
occur in the compressed data, but participate in the code
|
||||
construction.
|
||||
|
||||
Distance codes 0-31 are represented by (fixed-length) 5-bit
|
||||
codes, with possible additional bits as shown in the table
|
||||
shown in Paragraph 3.2.5, above. Note that distance codes 30-
|
||||
31 will never actually occur in the compressed data.
|
||||
|
||||
3.2.7. Compression with dynamic Huffman codes (BTYPE=10)
|
||||
|
||||
The Huffman codes for the two alphabets appear in the block
|
||||
immediately after the header bits and before the actual
|
||||
compressed data, first the literal/length code and then the
|
||||
distance code. Each code is defined by a sequence of code
|
||||
lengths, as discussed in Paragraph 3.2.2, above. For even
|
||||
greater compactness, the code length sequences themselves are
|
||||
compressed using a Huffman code. The alphabet for code lengths
|
||||
is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
0 - 15: Represent code lengths of 0 - 15
|
||||
16: Copy the previous code length 3 - 6 times.
|
||||
The next 2 bits indicate repeat length
|
||||
(0 = 3, ... , 3 = 6)
|
||||
Example: Codes 8, 16 (+2 bits 11),
|
||||
16 (+2 bits 10) will expand to
|
||||
12 code lengths of 8 (1 + 6 + 5)
|
||||
17: Repeat a code length of 0 for 3 - 10 times.
|
||||
(3 bits of length)
|
||||
18: Repeat a code length of 0 for 11 - 138 times
|
||||
(7 bits of length)
|
||||
|
||||
A code length of 0 indicates that the corresponding symbol in
|
||||
the literal/length or distance alphabet will not occur in the
|
||||
block, and should not participate in the Huffman code
|
||||
construction algorithm given earlier. If only one distance
|
||||
code is used, it is encoded using one bit, not zero bits; in
|
||||
this case there is a single code length of one, with one unused
|
||||
code. One distance code of zero bits means that there are no
|
||||
distance codes used at all (the data is all literals).
|
||||
|
||||
We can now define the format of the block:
|
||||
|
||||
5 Bits: HLIT, # of Literal/Length codes - 257 (257 - 286)
|
||||
5 Bits: HDIST, # of Distance codes - 1 (1 - 32)
|
||||
4 Bits: HCLEN, # of Code Length codes - 4 (4 - 19)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 13]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(HCLEN + 4) x 3 bits: code lengths for the code length
|
||||
alphabet given just above, in the order: 16, 17, 18,
|
||||
0, 8, 7, 9, 6, 10, 5, 11, 4, 12, 3, 13, 2, 14, 1, 15
|
||||
|
||||
These code lengths are interpreted as 3-bit integers
|
||||
(0-7); as above, a code length of 0 means the
|
||||
corresponding symbol (literal/length or distance code
|
||||
length) is not used.
|
||||
|
||||
HLIT + 257 code lengths for the literal/length alphabet,
|
||||
encoded using the code length Huffman code
|
||||
|
||||
HDIST + 1 code lengths for the distance alphabet,
|
||||
encoded using the code length Huffman code
|
||||
|
||||
The actual compressed data of the block,
|
||||
encoded using the literal/length and distance Huffman
|
||||
codes
|
||||
|
||||
The literal/length symbol 256 (end of data),
|
||||
encoded using the literal/length Huffman code
|
||||
|
||||
The code length repeat codes can cross from HLIT + 257 to the
|
||||
HDIST + 1 code lengths. In other words, all code lengths form
|
||||
a single sequence of HLIT + HDIST + 258 values.
|
||||
|
||||
3.3. Compliance
|
||||
|
||||
A compressor may limit further the ranges of values specified in
|
||||
the previous section and still be compliant; for example, it may
|
||||
limit the range of backward pointers to some value smaller than
|
||||
32K. Similarly, a compressor may limit the size of blocks so that
|
||||
a compressible block fits in memory.
|
||||
|
||||
A compliant decompressor must accept the full range of possible
|
||||
values defined in the previous section, and must accept blocks of
|
||||
arbitrary size.
|
||||
|
||||
4. Compression algorithm details
|
||||
|
||||
While it is the intent of this document to define the "deflate"
|
||||
compressed data format without reference to any particular
|
||||
compression algorithm, the format is related to the compressed
|
||||
formats produced by LZ77 (Lempel-Ziv 1977, see reference [2] below);
|
||||
since many variations of LZ77 are patented, it is strongly
|
||||
recommended that the implementor of a compressor follow the general
|
||||
algorithm presented here, which is known not to be patented per se.
|
||||
The material in this section is not part of the definition of the
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 14]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
specification per se, and a compressor need not follow it in order to
|
||||
be compliant.
|
||||
|
||||
The compressor terminates a block when it determines that starting a
|
||||
new block with fresh trees would be useful, or when the block size
|
||||
fills up the compressor's block buffer.
|
||||
|
||||
The compressor uses a chained hash table to find duplicated strings,
|
||||
using a hash function that operates on 3-byte sequences. At any
|
||||
given point during compression, let XYZ be the next 3 input bytes to
|
||||
be examined (not necessarily all different, of course). First, the
|
||||
compressor examines the hash chain for XYZ. If the chain is empty,
|
||||
the compressor simply writes out X as a literal byte and advances one
|
||||
byte in the input. If the hash chain is not empty, indicating that
|
||||
the sequence XYZ (or, if we are unlucky, some other 3 bytes with the
|
||||
same hash function value) has occurred recently, the compressor
|
||||
compares all strings on the XYZ hash chain with the actual input data
|
||||
sequence starting at the current point, and selects the longest
|
||||
match.
|
||||
|
||||
The compressor searches the hash chains starting with the most recent
|
||||
strings, to favor small distances and thus take advantage of the
|
||||
Huffman encoding. The hash chains are singly linked. There are no
|
||||
deletions from the hash chains; the algorithm simply discards matches
|
||||
that are too old. To avoid a worst-case situation, very long hash
|
||||
chains are arbitrarily truncated at a certain length, determined by a
|
||||
run-time parameter.
|
||||
|
||||
To improve overall compression, the compressor optionally defers the
|
||||
selection of matches ("lazy matching"): after a match of length N has
|
||||
been found, the compressor searches for a longer match starting at
|
||||
the next input byte. If it finds a longer match, it truncates the
|
||||
previous match to a length of one (thus producing a single literal
|
||||
byte) and then emits the longer match. Otherwise, it emits the
|
||||
original match, and, as described above, advances N bytes before
|
||||
continuing.
|
||||
|
||||
Run-time parameters also control this "lazy match" procedure. If
|
||||
compression ratio is most important, the compressor attempts a
|
||||
complete second search regardless of the length of the first match.
|
||||
In the normal case, if the current match is "long enough", the
|
||||
compressor reduces the search for a longer match, thus speeding up
|
||||
the process. If speed is most important, the compressor inserts new
|
||||
strings in the hash table only when no match was found, or when the
|
||||
match is not "too long". This degrades the compression ratio but
|
||||
saves time since there are both fewer insertions and fewer searches.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 15]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5. References
|
||||
|
||||
[1] Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimum
|
||||
Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio
|
||||
Engineers, September 1952, Volume 40, Number 9, pp. 1098-1101.
|
||||
|
||||
[2] Ziv J., Lempel A., "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data
|
||||
Compression", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 23,
|
||||
No. 3, pp. 337-343.
|
||||
|
||||
[3] Gailly, J.-L., and Adler, M., ZLIB documentation and sources,
|
||||
available in ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/doc/
|
||||
|
||||
[4] Gailly, J.-L., and Adler, M., GZIP documentation and sources,
|
||||
available as gzip-*.tar in ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/
|
||||
|
||||
[5] Schwartz, E. S., and Kallick, B. "Generating a canonical prefix
|
||||
encoding." Comm. ACM, 7,3 (Mar. 1964), pp. 166-169.
|
||||
|
||||
[6] Hirschberg and Lelewer, "Efficient decoding of prefix codes,"
|
||||
Comm. ACM, 33,4, April 1990, pp. 449-459.
|
||||
|
||||
6. Security Considerations
|
||||
|
||||
Any data compression method involves the reduction of redundancy in
|
||||
the data. Consequently, any corruption of the data is likely to have
|
||||
severe effects and be difficult to correct. Uncompressed text, on
|
||||
the other hand, will probably still be readable despite the presence
|
||||
of some corrupted bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
It is recommended that systems using this data format provide some
|
||||
means of validating the integrity of the compressed data. See
|
||||
reference [3], for example.
|
||||
|
||||
7. Source code
|
||||
|
||||
Source code for a C language implementation of a "deflate" compliant
|
||||
compressor and decompressor is available within the zlib package at
|
||||
ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/archiving/zip/zlib/.
|
||||
|
||||
8. Acknowledgements
|
||||
|
||||
Trademarks cited in this document are the property of their
|
||||
respective owners.
|
||||
|
||||
Phil Katz designed the deflate format. Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark
|
||||
Adler wrote the related software described in this specification.
|
||||
Glenn Randers-Pehrson converted this document to RFC and HTML format.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 16]
|
||||
|
||||
RFC 1951 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification May 1996
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
9. Author's Address
|
||||
|
||||
L. Peter Deutsch
|
||||
Aladdin Enterprises
|
||||
203 Santa Margarita Ave.
|
||||
Menlo Park, CA 94025
|
||||
|
||||
Phone: (415) 322-0103 (AM only)
|
||||
FAX: (415) 322-1734
|
||||
EMail: <ghost@aladdin.com>
|
||||
|
||||
Questions about the technical content of this specification can be
|
||||
sent by email to:
|
||||
|
||||
Jean-Loup Gailly <gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu> and
|
||||
Mark Adler <madler@alumni.caltech.edu>
|
||||
|
||||
Editorial comments on this specification can be sent by email to:
|
||||
|
||||
L. Peter Deutsch <ghost@aladdin.com> and
|
||||
Glenn Randers-Pehrson <randeg@alumni.rpi.edu>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Deutsch Informational [Page 17]
|
||||
|
||||
BIN
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt.fixed.z.9
Normal file
BIN
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt.fixed.z.9
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt.z.0
Normal file
BIN
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt.z.0
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt.z.9
Normal file
BIN
lib/std/compress/rfc1951.txt.z.9
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
178
lib/std/compress/zlib.zig
Normal file
178
lib/std/compress/zlib.zig
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
|
||||
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
|
||||
// Copyright (c) 2015-2020 Zig Contributors
|
||||
// This file is part of [zig](https://ziglang.org/), which is MIT licensed.
|
||||
// The MIT license requires this copyright notice to be included in all copies
|
||||
// and substantial portions of the software.
|
||||
//
|
||||
// Decompressor for ZLIB data streams (RFC1950)
|
||||
|
||||
const std = @import("std");
|
||||
const io = std.io;
|
||||
const fs = std.fs;
|
||||
const testing = std.testing;
|
||||
const mem = std.mem;
|
||||
const deflate = std.compress.deflate;
|
||||
|
||||
pub fn ZlibStream(comptime ReaderType: type) type {
|
||||
return struct {
|
||||
const Self = @This();
|
||||
|
||||
pub const Error = ReaderType.Error ||
|
||||
deflate.InflateStream(ReaderType).Error ||
|
||||
error{ WrongChecksum, Unsupported };
|
||||
pub const Reader = io.Reader(*Self, Error, read);
|
||||
|
||||
allocator: *mem.Allocator,
|
||||
inflater: deflate.InflateStream(ReaderType),
|
||||
in_reader: ReaderType,
|
||||
hasher: std.hash.Adler32,
|
||||
window_slice: []u8,
|
||||
|
||||
fn init(allocator: *mem.Allocator, source: ReaderType) !Self {
|
||||
// Zlib header format is specified in RFC1950
|
||||
const header = try source.readBytesNoEof(2);
|
||||
|
||||
const CM = @truncate(u4, header[0]);
|
||||
const CINFO = @truncate(u4, header[0] >> 4);
|
||||
const FCHECK = @truncate(u5, header[1]);
|
||||
const FDICT = @truncate(u1, header[1] >> 5);
|
||||
|
||||
if ((@as(u16, header[0]) << 8 | header[1]) % 31 != 0)
|
||||
return error.BadHeader;
|
||||
|
||||
// The CM field must be 8 to indicate the use of DEFLATE
|
||||
if (CM != 8) return error.InvalidCompression;
|
||||
// CINFO is the base-2 logarithm of the window size, minus 8.
|
||||
// Values above 7 are unspecified and therefore rejected.
|
||||
if (CINFO > 7) return error.InvalidWindowSize;
|
||||
const window_size: u16 = @as(u16, 1) << (CINFO + 8);
|
||||
|
||||
// TODO: Support this case
|
||||
if (FDICT != 0)
|
||||
return error.Unsupported;
|
||||
|
||||
var window_slice = try allocator.alloc(u8, window_size);
|
||||
|
||||
return Self{
|
||||
.allocator = allocator,
|
||||
.inflater = deflate.inflateStream(source, window_slice),
|
||||
.in_reader = source,
|
||||
.hasher = std.hash.Adler32.init(),
|
||||
.window_slice = window_slice,
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
|
||||
self.allocator.free(self.window_slice);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Implements the io.Reader interface
|
||||
pub fn read(self: *Self, buffer: []u8) Error!usize {
|
||||
if (buffer.len == 0)
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
|
||||
// Read from the compressed stream and update the computed checksum
|
||||
const r = try self.inflater.read(buffer);
|
||||
if (r != 0) {
|
||||
self.hasher.update(buffer[0..r]);
|
||||
return r;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// We've reached the end of stream, check if the checksum matches
|
||||
const hash = try self.in_reader.readIntBig(u32);
|
||||
if (hash != self.hasher.final())
|
||||
return error.WrongChecksum;
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pub fn reader(self: *Self) Reader {
|
||||
return .{ .context = self };
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pub fn zlibStream(allocator: *mem.Allocator, reader: anytype) !ZlibStream(@TypeOf(reader)) {
|
||||
return ZlibStream(@TypeOf(reader)).init(allocator, reader);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn testReader(data: []const u8, comptime expected: []const u8) !void {
|
||||
var in_stream = io.fixedBufferStream(data);
|
||||
|
||||
var zlib_stream = try zlibStream(testing.allocator, in_stream.reader());
|
||||
defer zlib_stream.deinit();
|
||||
|
||||
// Read and decompress the whole file
|
||||
const buf = try zlib_stream.reader().readAllAlloc(testing.allocator, std.math.maxInt(usize));
|
||||
defer testing.allocator.free(buf);
|
||||
// Calculate its SHA256 hash and check it against the reference
|
||||
var hash: [32]u8 = undefined;
|
||||
std.crypto.hash.sha2.Sha256.hash(buf, hash[0..], .{});
|
||||
|
||||
assertEqual(expected, &hash);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Assert `expected` == `input` where `input` is a bytestring.
|
||||
pub fn assertEqual(comptime expected: []const u8, input: []const u8) void {
|
||||
var expected_bytes: [expected.len / 2]u8 = undefined;
|
||||
for (expected_bytes) |*r, i| {
|
||||
r.* = std.fmt.parseInt(u8, expected[2 * i .. 2 * i + 2], 16) catch unreachable;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
testing.expectEqualSlices(u8, &expected_bytes, input);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// All the test cases are obtained by compressing the RFC1950 text
|
||||
//
|
||||
// https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1950.txt length=36944 bytes
|
||||
// SHA256=5ebf4b5b7fe1c3a0c0ab9aa3ac8c0f3853a7dc484905e76e03b0b0f301350009
|
||||
test "compressed data" {
|
||||
// Compressed with compression level = 0
|
||||
try testReader(
|
||||
@embedFile("rfc1951.txt.z.0"),
|
||||
"5ebf4b5b7fe1c3a0c0ab9aa3ac8c0f3853a7dc484905e76e03b0b0f301350009",
|
||||
);
|
||||
// Compressed with compression level = 9
|
||||
try testReader(
|
||||
@embedFile("rfc1951.txt.z.9"),
|
||||
"5ebf4b5b7fe1c3a0c0ab9aa3ac8c0f3853a7dc484905e76e03b0b0f301350009",
|
||||
);
|
||||
// Compressed with compression level = 9 and fixed Huffman codes
|
||||
try testReader(
|
||||
@embedFile("rfc1951.txt.fixed.z.9"),
|
||||
"5ebf4b5b7fe1c3a0c0ab9aa3ac8c0f3853a7dc484905e76e03b0b0f301350009",
|
||||
);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
test "sanity checks" {
|
||||
// Truncated header
|
||||
testing.expectError(
|
||||
error.EndOfStream,
|
||||
testReader(&[_]u8{0x78}, ""),
|
||||
);
|
||||
// Failed FCHECK check
|
||||
testing.expectError(
|
||||
error.BadHeader,
|
||||
testReader(&[_]u8{ 0x78, 0x9D }, ""),
|
||||
);
|
||||
// Wrong CM
|
||||
testing.expectError(
|
||||
error.InvalidCompression,
|
||||
testReader(&[_]u8{ 0x79, 0x94 }, ""),
|
||||
);
|
||||
// Wrong CINFO
|
||||
testing.expectError(
|
||||
error.InvalidWindowSize,
|
||||
testReader(&[_]u8{ 0x88, 0x98 }, ""),
|
||||
);
|
||||
// Wrong checksum
|
||||
testing.expectError(
|
||||
error.WrongChecksum,
|
||||
testReader(&[_]u8{ 0x78, 0xda, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }, ""),
|
||||
);
|
||||
// Truncated checksum
|
||||
testing.expectError(
|
||||
error.EndOfStream,
|
||||
testReader(&[_]u8{ 0x78, 0xda, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00 }, ""),
|
||||
);
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub const builtin = @import("builtin.zig");
|
||||
pub const c = @import("c.zig");
|
||||
pub const cache_hash = @import("cache_hash.zig");
|
||||
pub const coff = @import("coff.zig");
|
||||
pub const compress = @import("compress.zig");
|
||||
pub const crypto = @import("crypto.zig");
|
||||
pub const cstr = @import("cstr.zig");
|
||||
pub const debug = @import("debug.zig");
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user